Respiratory Systems in Humans and Animals
Gaseous exchange involves the intake of oxygen from the environment and the expel of carbon dioxide to the environment. The process of gaseous exchange occurs in the respiratory structures, which are the respiratory surfaces that allow exchange of respiratory gases. Different organisms have different respiratory structures that will maximize their rate of gaseous exchange. Generally, smaller organisms have higher surface area to volume ratio (TSA/V) while larger organisms have lower TSA/V. This means that in larger organisms, the volume of the body that needs oxygen is greater than their surface area. Therefore, oxygen cannot diffuse across the body surface fast enough to meet the oxygen demand of the organisms. In this case, they require specialized respiratory structures for an efficient gaseous exchange.
There are four common characteristics of respiratory structures in order to ensure adequate gaseous exchange in multicellular organisms.
Figure 1 - The respiratory surfaces of unicellular organisms such as Amoeba sp. (left) and Paramecium sp. (right) are their entire plasma membranes because they have adequate TSA/V ratio for efficient gaseous exchange.
Tracheal system is the respiratory system of insects.
Figure 2 - The spiracles have valves which open and close to allow the movement of air in and out of the body. The tracheae are protected by rings of chitin which prevent them from collapsing.
Gills are the specialized respiratory structures for gaseous exchange underwater. The gills are supported by gill arch and protected by the operculum. Each gill has 2 rows of thin filaments arranged in a V shape. These filaments are comprised of numerous thin-walled lamellae (singular, lamella).
Figure 3 - The gill filaments are constantly surrounded by water. The countercurrent exchange mechanism further enhances the efficiency of gaseous exchange. Water flows over the gills in one direction, while the blood flows in the other direction. This helps maximize oxygen transfer in the lamellae.
Amphibians such as frogs can live on land as well as in water. Therefore, their respiratory structures are designed to adapt for gaseous exchange both on land and in water. In frogs, the exchange of respiratory gases occurs mainly through the skin and in the lungs. All the adaptations listed below help respiratory gases to dissolve and be transported easily in and out of the body.
Figure 4 - The lungs of frogs are not as strong as human lungs. They do not have rib cage or diaphragm to support the contraction of the lungs.
In mammals like humans, gaseous exchange occurs in the alveoli (singular, alveolus) of the lungs.
Figure 5 - Alveoli are covered with a network of blood capillaries which provides a large TSA/V ratio for rapid gaseous exchange.
Similarities
Differences
Insects
Fish
Amphibians
Humans
Answer practice questions to test your knowledge
Join our community on Whatsapp!